Synthetic Oils

What are synthetic oils?

Synthetic oils are technologically advanced lubricants created through chemical synthesis processes or through deep modification and refining of crude oil. Unlike traditional mineral oils, synthetic oils feature a more uniform molecular structure, higher purity and specially designed properties that translate into better protection and performance of machines and devices.

How are synthetic oils made?

The production process of synthetic oils is more complex and costly than that of mineral oils. Several main types of synthetic base oils can be distinguished:

• Hydrocracked oils (Group III according to API): Created through intense refining (hydrocracking) of crude oil. Although derived from crude oil, their degree of processing is so high that their properties are close to “full” synthetics. Many oils labeled as “synthetic” or “synthetic technology” are based on this group.
• Polyalphaolefins (PAO, Group IV according to API): Chemically synthesized hydrocarbons characterized by very good viscosity-temperature properties, high thermal stability and low volatility. Considered “true” synthetics.
• Esters (part of Group V according to API): Organic compounds with excellent lubricating properties, high polarity (good adhesion to metal) and biodegradability. Often used as an additive to other bases or as a main component in specialized oils (e.g., aviation, biodegradable). See also: POE (Polyol Esters).
• Polyalkylene glycols (PAG, part of Group V according to API): Synthetic polymers with unique properties, e.g., high viscosity index, good shear resistance. Used among others in oils for refrigeration compressors, brake fluids.
• Other synthetic bases (Group V according to API): e.g., silicones, organic phosphates, used in very specialized applications.

Key differences from mineral oils

Thanks to the controlled production process, synthetic oils offer numerous advantages over mineral oils:

• Uniform molecular structure: Molecules are more regular and homogeneous, providing better flowability and less internal friction.
• Higher purity: Contain significantly fewer impurities (e.g., sulfur, aromatic compounds) present in crude oil.
• Better thermal and oxidative stability: More resistant to breakdown under the influence of high temperatures and oxidation, slowing down the aging process of the oil.
• Higher natural viscosity index (VI): Viscosity changes less with temperature changes, ensuring a stable lubricating film over a wide range of operating temperatures.
• Better low-temperature properties: Retain flowability at low temperatures, facilitating the start of a cold engine or machine and ensuring faster oil delivery to all lubrication points.
• Lower volatility: Less oil loss through evaporation at high temperatures.

Main advantages of synthetic oils

The advantages resulting from the above differences include:

• Excellent wear protection: Even in extreme working conditions (high loads, temperatures).
• Extended intervals between oil changes: Due to greater resistance to aging.
• Better engine/system cleanliness: Less tendency to form deposits, sludge, and sludge.
• Potential fuel/energy savings: Due to less friction.
• Wider operating temperature range: Effective lubrication from very low to very high temperatures.
• Improved efficiency and reliability of machines.

Typical applications

Synthetic oils are recommended or even required in many modern and demanding applications:

• Automotive engines: Especially in modern, high-performance units with turbocharging, start-stop systems.
• Transmissions: Automotive and industrial, operating under high load.
• Hydraulic systems: Operating over a wide temperature range or requiring high cleanliness.
• Compressors: Especially refrigeration, air operating in harsh conditions.
• Turbines: Gas and steam.
• Specialized applications: Aviation, food industry (NSF H1 certified oils), systems requiring biodegradable oils.

When is it worth investing in synthetic oil?

Despite the higher purchase price, investment in synthetic oil often pays off, especially when:

• The device/vehicle manufacturer recommends the use of synthetic oil.
• The device operates in extreme conditions (temperatures, loads).
• Long intervals between changes are required.
• The priority is maximum protection, reliability, and performance.
• TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) analysis indicates long-term savings.

Regular oil monitoring can help fully realize the potential of synthetic oils and optimize their change intervals.